Argus kamins biography
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Restoring sight to the blind
Retinal degenerative diseases lead to loss of image-capturing photoreceptors, while image-processing inner retinal neurons survive to a large extent.1 Electrical stimulation of these neurons can produce visual percepts, providing an alternative route for visual information and raising hope for the restoration of sight to the blind. Indeed, recent clinical trials with electrode arrays implanted either facing ganglion cells on top of the retina or photoreceptors on the bottom have restored visual acuity on the order of 20/1200 (60 times worse then normal visual acuity) to subjects blinded by retinal degeneration.2, 3 While this serves as an important proof of concept with clinically useful implications, existing retinal prostheses rely on cables entering the eye to deliver power to the retinal electrode array.
Figure 1. Above: System design for the photovoltaic retinal prosthesis. Images captured by the camera are processed by pocket computer and
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Chapter 1 - Restoring framtidsperspektiv to the Blind: The New Age of Implanted Visual Prostheses
Discussion Leaders: Eberhart Zrenner and Bradley Greger
Scribe: Daniel Rathbun
Session Participants: David Birch, John Dowling, Erika Ellis, Fred Fitzke, Donald Hood, Alan Laties, Daniel Palanker, John Pezaris, namn Rizzo, Gary Rubin, Ronald Schuchard, Dirk Trauner, James Weiland, and Frank Werblin
Introduction
The timing of the Lasker/IRRF (International Retinal Research Foundation) Initiative on Restoring framtidsperspektiv to the Blind in March of 2014 was particularly opportune given that the first commercial sales of implanted visual prostheses (the Argus II) occurred in 2011 (Rizzo et al., 2014), and a second commercial device (the Alpha-IMS [Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung]) entered the marknad in 2013 (Zrenner, 2013). We are therefore at a perfect point to look back on the successes of visual prostheses as well as to look forward to what the future may hold. The core question f
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Brent Crude Oil: Genesis and Development of the World's Most Important Oil Benchmark 3031282310, 9783031282317
Table of contents :
Contents
Notes on Contributors
1 Introduction
Complexity of Brent
Economic History as a Guide
The Layout of the Book
The Mission
Notes
References
2 The Age of Oil Benchmarks
OPEC Pricing System Collapses
Markets, Market Power, and Monopolies in the Oil Market
Oil Producers in Charge
Spot Markets and the Age of Benchmarks
Notes
References
3 Spinning—Like a Circle in a Spiral
Genesis
Exodus
Revelations
Brent Spinning—A Broker’s Perspective—Nigel Harris
Notes
Bibliography
4 Brent—Creating Exceptionalism
The First Sullom Voe Cargo
The Business of Trading
The Trader and the Tax Collector
Brent Teething Pains
The Wall Street Refiners
Place and People
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
5 Brent Legacy
Heather and Brent Partials
All Roads Lead to Brent
Physical, Forward and Futures Brent
Derivative Brent Contracts
Operational Toler